> 2021年05月02日信息消化 ### 每天学点机器学习 #### Neural Network #### Non-linear Hypotheses 非线性假说 [Week4 Non-linear Hypotheses](https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning/lecture/OAOhO/non-linear-hypotheses) 正如我们所看到的，我们可以想出相当多的特征，也许有一百种不同的房屋特征。 对于这样一个问题，如果你要包括所有的二次项，所有这些，甚至所有的二次项或多项式项，会有很多。会有像x1的平方这样的项。你最终会有大约5000个特征。 > And as we saw we can come up with quite a lot of features, maybe a hundred different features of different houses. > > For a problem like this, if you were to include all the quadratic terms, all of these, even all of the quadratic that is the second or the polynomial terms, there would be a lot of them. There would be terms like x1 squared > > you end up with about five thousand features. 5000个特征似乎很多，如果你要包括立方（cubic），或已知的每个人的三阶，X1，X2，X3。你知道，X1的平方，X2，X10和X11，X17等等。你可以想象，会有很多这样的特征。事实上，它们将是顺序和立方（cubic）这样的特征，如果任何一个是100，你可以计算一下，你最终会有大约17万个这样的立方体特征。 > 5000 features seems like a lot, if you were to include the cubic, or third order known of each others, the x1, x2, x3. You know, x1 squared, x2, x10 and x11, x17 and so on. You can imagine there are gonna be a lot of these features. In fact, they are going to be order and cube such features and if any is 100 you can compute that, you end up with on the order of about 170,000 such cubic features and so including these higher auto-polynomial features when your original feature set end is large this really dramatically blows up your feature space and this doesn't seem like a good way to come up with additional features with which to build none many classifiers when n is large.  ###### 随堂小测  #### Model Representation 模型表示 人类神经元 - 胞体 - 突起 - Dendrite: 树突 - Axon: 轴突  ##### Neural Network 我们的输入节点（第1层），也被称为 "输入层"，进入另一个节点（第2层），最后输出假设函数，被称为 "输出层"。 我们可以在输入和输出层之间设置中间层节点，称为 "隐藏层"。 > Our input nodes (layer 1), also known as the "input layer", go into another node (layer 2), which finally outputs the hypothesis function, known as the "output layer". > > We can have intermediate layers of nodes between the input and output layers called the "hidden layers." $a^{(j)}_i$= 层j中的i个激活单元" $Θ^{(j)}$= 控制从层j到层j+1的函数映射的权重矩阵  这就是说，我们通过使用一个3×4的参数矩阵来计算我们的激活节点。我们将每一行的参数应用于我们的输入，以获得一个激活节点的值。我们的假设输出是应用于激活节点数值之和的逻辑函数，这些数值已同另一个参数矩阵$Θ^{(2)}$相乘。 > This is saying that we compute our activation nodes by using a 3×4 matrix of parameters. We apply each row of the parameters to our inputs to obtain the value for one activation node. Our hypothesis output is the logistic function applied to the sum of the values of our activation nodes, which have been multiplied by yet another parameter matrix $Θ^{(2)}$ containing the weights for our second layer of nodes. 每层都有自己的权重矩阵, $Θ^{(j)}$. > Each layer gets its own matrix of weights, $Θ^{(j)}$. 这些权重矩阵的尺寸确定如下: > The dimensions of these matrices of weights is determined as follows: If network has $s_j$ units in layer j and $s_{j+1}$ units in layer j+1, then $Θ^{(j)}$ will be of dimention $s_{j+1}\times (s_j+1) $  ###### 随堂小测  在本节中，我们将对上述函数做一个矢量化的实现。我们将定义一个新的变量$z_k^{(j)}$，它包含了我们g函数里面的**参数**。在我们之前的例子中，如果我们用变量z来代替所有的参数，我们会得到。 > In this section we'll do a vectorized implementation of the above functions. We're going to define a new variable $z_k^{(j)}$ that encompasses the parameters inside our g function. In our previous example if we replaced by the variable z for all the parameters we would get: $a_1^{(2)}=g(z^{(2)}_1)$ $a_2^{(2)}=g(z^{(2)}_2)$ $a_3^{(2)}=g(z^{(2)}_3)$ x与 $z^j$ i的向量表示: > The vector representation of x and $z^j$ is: $$ x = \begin{bmatrix} x_0 \\ x_1\\ ... \\ x_n \end{bmatrix} z^{(j)} = \begin{bmatrix} z_1^{(j)} \\ z_2^{(j)} \\ ... \\ z_n^{(j)} \end{bmatrix} $$ Setting $x =a^{(1)}$ , we can rewrite the equation as: $z^{(j)}=\theta^{(j-1)}a^{(j-1)} \\$ $a^{(j)} = g(z^{(j)}) \\$ 然后我们可以在计算出$$a^{(j)}$$之后，给第j层添加一个偏置单元（等于1）。为了计算我们的最终假设，让我们首先计算另一个Z向量。 > We can then add a bias unit (equal to 1) to layer j after we have computed $a^{(j)}$, let's first compute another z vector: $z^{(j+1)}=\theta^{(j)}a^{(j)}$ 我们通过将刚刚得到的所有激活节点的值与下一个theta矩阵相乘，得到这个最终的z向量。最后一个θ矩阵将只有一行，乘以一列$a^{(j)}$，所以我们的结果是一个单一的数字。然后我们得到最终结果: > We get this final z vector by multiplying the next theta matrix after $Θ_{(j−1)}$ with the values of all the activation nodes we just got. This last theta matrix $Θ_{(j)}$ will have only **one row** which is multiplied by one column $a^{(j)}$ so that our result is a single number. We then get our final result with: $h_\theta{(x)}=a^{(j+1)}=g(z^{(j+1)})$ 随堂小测2  ### 其他值得阅读 #### 为什么工程师不能估计时间 原文：[Why Engineers Cannot Estimate Time](https://medium.com/swlh/why-engineers-cannot-estimate-time-5639750df419) ##### The Problem 软件项目很少能在最后期限前完成。 > Software projects seldom meet the deadline. ##### The Known Causes - 错误的时间估计（本文的重点）。Wrong time estimates **(the focus of this article)**. - 项目开始时要求不明确，后来要求不断变化。Unclear requirements at the start of the project and, later, changing requirements. - 镀金：过于关注工作范围之外的细节。[Gold-plating](https://heshammeneisi.medium.com/gold-plating-software-products-7bffe427b215): too much attention to details outside the scope of work. - 在研究和架构设计阶段没有花足够的时间，或者相反，花太多的时间。Not taking enough time in the research and architecture design phase or, conversely, taking too much time. - 忽略了与第三方集成的潜在问题。Overlooking potential issues with 3rd party integrations. - 渴望 "第一次就把事情做对" The desire to “get it right the first time” - 同时从事太多项目或分心（经常打破流程）。Working on too many projects at the same time or getting distracted (breaking the flow too often). - 不平衡的质量-产量规模。 - Unbalanced quality-throughput scale. 有一天，我在做一项本该花10分钟的任务，结果却花了2个小时。我开始思考我认为需要10分钟的原因，以及使这个数字一直上升到2小时的根本原因。我的思考过程有点儿意思。 - 我认为这需要10分钟，因为我实际上100%知道我需要写的确切代码。 - 实际上，我花了大约7-10分钟就完成了代码。然后花了2个小时，因为框架中有一个我完全不知道的错误。 这就是人们在项目管理中喜欢称之为 "不可抗力 "的东西；造成延误的外部不可控原因。 One day I was doing a task that should have taken 10 minutes and ended up taking 2 hours. I started contemplating the reasons why I thought it would take 10 minutes and the root cause that pumped that number all the way up to 2 hours. My thought process was a bit interesting: - I thought it would take 10 minutes because I actually knew 100% in my head the exact code that I needed to write. - It actually took me around 7–10 minutes to be done with the code. Then it took 2 hours because of a bug in the framework completely unknown to me. This is what people like to call in project management “**force majeure”**; external uncontrollable causes of delay**.** 即使你真的善于估计一项任务所需的时间，也不意味着你会善于估计项目所需的时间! 从直觉上讲，你会错得更多。 现在，所有正在阅读的数学书呆子（或数据科学家/统计学家）一定已经认识到前一个备忘录中的那个小图是一个右偏正态分布。让我放大，并澄清一下。 > Even if you are really good at estimating the time a task will take, that doesn’t mean you will be good at estimating the time the project will take! Counter intuitively, you will be more wrong. > > Now all the math nerds (or data scientists/statisticians) reading right now must have already recognized that tiny graph in the previous meme as a right-skewed normal distribution. Let me enlarge, and clarify:  你知道这里的事情怎么会出错吗？我们的 "自然 "猜测是基于中位数，这使我们猜对的概率最大化，然而，当该 "事件 "发生足够多的时候，真实的数字总是接近平均值。换句话说。你做的类似任务越多，这种错误就会积累得越多! > Do you see how things can go wrong here? Our “natural” guess is based on the median which maximizes our probability of guessing right, however, the real number when that “event” occurs enough times will always approach the mean. In other words: The more similar tasks you do, the more that error accumulates! - **要知道任务X与任务Y相比是否需要更多/更少/相同的时间**，要比告诉它们到底需要多长时间更容易。这是因为如果曲线的偏度大致相同的话，比较中位数和比较平均值的效果一样好（对于类似的任务来说是这样的）。It’s easier to tell if task X would take more/less/same time compared to task Y than it is to tell exactly how long they would take. This is because comparing the medians works just as well as comparing the means if the skewness of the curves is roughly the same (which is true for similar tasks). - 所以我通常把不可避免的错误（平均数-中位数）估计为任务时间的一个百分比，这个百分比的上升/下降取决于我**对开发环境的适应程度**（我喜欢这个语言/框架吗？(40%)我有好的调试工具吗？(30%)良好的IDE支持？(25%) ......等等）。)I don’t recall or record every single similar task to do the math and get the mean (and couldn’t find any data to torture). So I usually estimate the inevitable error (mean-median) as a percentage of the task time that goes up/down depending on how comfortable I’m with the dev environment (do I like this language/framework? (40%) Do I have good debugging tools? (30%) Good IDE support? (25%) … etc). - 我开始**把冲刺阶段分成同等大小的任务**，只是为了在时间估计过程中创造一些统一性。这使我能够从第1点中受益，应该很容易分辨出两个任务的时间是否大致相等。这也使得任务更加相似，从而使假设的应用更加完美，事情变得更加可预测。I started splitting sprints into equally sized tasks, just to create some uniformity in the time estimation process. This allows me to benefit from point 1, it should be easy to tell if two tasks are roughly equal in time. This also makes tasks even more similar so that the hypothesis applies even more perfectly and things become more predictable. #### Derek Sivers Books I’ve read https://sive.rs/book ##### Mindwise: How We Understand What Others Think, Believe, Feel, and Want - by Nicholas Epley "唯一真正的发现之旅，唯一的永恒的青春之泉，不是访问陌生的土地，而是拥有另一双眼睛，通过另一个人的眼睛来观察宇宙。" - 马塞尔-普鲁斯特 > “The only true voyage of discovery, the only fountain of Eternal Youth, would be not to visit strange lands but to possess other eyes, to behold the universe through the eyes of another.” - MARCEL PROUST 笛卡尔: "我思故我在 "。 > Descartes was so certain about his introspective ability that he staked his own, as well as God’s, existence on it with his famous “I think, therefore I am”. 人们倾向于选择有吸引力的自我强化图像，认为他们比实际情况更有吸引力。这就是为什么大多数拍摄自己的照片看起来如此糟糕。 > People tended to select attractively enhanced images of themselves, thinking they were more attractive than they actually were. This is why most of the pictures taken of you seem to look so bad. 认为我们对自己的思想了解得比实际更深的错觉有一个令人不安的后果：它可以使你的思想看起来比别人的思想更优越。 > An illusion that we know our own minds more deeply than we actually do has one disturbing consequence: it can make your mind appear superior to the minds of others. 如果你对自己的大脑持有的幻想使你相信你看到的世界是真实的，而你发现其他人看到的世界是不同的，那么他们一定是有偏见的、扭曲的、不知情的、无知的、不合理的、或邪恶的人。 > If the illusions you hold about your own brain lead you to believe that you see the world as it actually is and you find that others see the world differently, then they must be the ones who are biased, distorted, uninformed, ignorant, unreasonable, or evil. 距离使你的第六感脱离。 你了解他人思想的能力可以通过你的身体感官来触发。 坐直了，你会对自己的成就感到更自豪。 皱起你的眉头，好像你在更努力地思考，可以导致你实际上更努力地思考。 > Distance keeps your sixth sense disengaged. > > Your ability to understand the minds of others can be triggered by your physical senses. > > Sit up straight and you’ll feel more proud of your accomplishments. > > Furrowing your brow, as if you are thinking harder, can lead you to actually think harder. 内侧前额叶皮层（MPFC）参与对他人思想的推断。当你思考你自己、你的亲密朋友和家人，以及其他与你的信仰相似的人时，MPFC参与得更多。当你足够关心他人，关心他们的想法时，它就会被激活，而不是当你对他人漠不关心时。 > Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is involved in making inferences about the minds of others. MPFC is engaged more when you’re thinking about yourself, your close friends and family, and others who have beliefs similar to your own. It is activated when you care enough about others to care what they are thinking, and not when you are indifferent to others. 尊重workers，鼓励他们独立思考，允许他们做出决定，并使他们感到与一项重要的工作有关。 > Treat workers with respect, encourage them to think independently, allow them to make decisions, and make them feel connected to an important effort. 一个人在河的一边对站在另一边的人喊道："嘿，我怎么才能到河的另一边？" 另一个人回答说："你在河的另一边"。 人们疯狂地自我感觉良好。人们表现得好像他们总是被人盯着。甚至他们的房子也是一种表演。 > A man on one side of a river shouts to a man standing on the other side, “Hey, how do I get to the other side of the river?” The other man responds, “You are on the other side of the river.” > > People are insanely self-conscious. People act like they’re always being watched. Even their house is a performance. 所有的世界可能确实是一个舞台，我们很容易觉得自己处于舞台的中心。 社会的聚光灯并不像我们想象的那样照耀着我们。 做你自己，说你的感受，**因为那些介意的人并不重要，那些重要的人也不会介意。** 意识到你自己的观点，你就能从中解放出来。 > All of the world may indeed be a stage, and it’s easy to feel that we’re at the center of it. > > The social spotlight does not shine on us nearly as brightly as we think. > > Be who you are and say what you feel, **because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind.** > > Becoming aware of your own perspective liberates you from it. ##### Influence - by Robert Cialdini 当我们要求别人帮我们一个忙时，如果我们提供一个理由，就会更成功。因为 "这个词会引发自动的服从反应。 > When we ask someone to do us a favor we will be more successful if we provide a reason. The word “because” triggers an automatic compliance response. 简单的邮件呼吁捐款，产生的回应率约为18%。 但是，当邮件中还包括一个不请自来的礼物（带胶的、个性化的地址标签）时，成功率几乎翻了一番，达到35%。 > Simple mail appeal for donations produces a response rate of about 18 percent. > But when the mailing also includes an unsolicited gift (gummed, individualized address labels), the success rate nearly doubles to 35 percent. ##### The Willpower Instinct - by Kelly McGonigal 提高自我控制能力的最好方法是看清你是如何和为什么失去控制的。 > The best way to improve your self-control is to see how and why you lose control. 有些人发现给冲动的头脑起个名字是很有用的，就像 "饼干怪兽 "一样，给你的那部分总是想立即得到满足的人起个名字。给这个版本的自己起个名字，可以帮助你认识到它在什么时候占据了你的位置，也可以帮助你召唤出更聪明的自己，获得一些意志力支持。 > Some people find it useful to give a name to the impulsive mind, like “the cookie monster” to the part of you that always wants instant gratification. Giving a name to this version of yourself can help you recognize when it is taking over, and also help you call in your wiser self for some willpower support. 大脑对经验有显著的反应。要求你的大脑每天做数学题，它就会在数学方面变得更好。让你的大脑担心，它就会在担心方面变得更好。要求你的大脑集中注意力，它就会在集中注意力方面变得更好。你的大脑不仅发现这些事情更容易，而且它实际上根据你要求它做的事情来重塑自己。 > The brain is remarkably responsive to experience. Ask your brain to do math every day, and it gets better at math. Ask your brain to worry, and it gets better at worrying. Ask your brain to concentrate, and it gets better at concentrating. Not only does your brain find these things easier, but it actually remodels itself based on what you ask it to do. 冥想使你在广泛的自我控制技能方面做得更好，包括注意力，注意力，压力管理，冲动控制，和自我意识。 经常冥想的人成为精细调整的意志力机器。 > Meditating makes you better at a wide range of self-control skills, including attention, focus, stress management, impulse control, and self-awareness. > > People who meditate regularly become finely tuned willpower machines. 下次你受到诱惑时，把你的注意力转向内部。 停顿和计划的反应。最有帮助的反应会让你慢下来，而不是加快你的速度（就像战斗或逃跑的反应那样）。 立即提高意志力的一个方法是：把你的呼吸放慢到每分钟四到六次。 最大的提高情绪和消除压力的效果来自于5分钟的运动剂量。 任何超出典型的久坐生活方式的行为都会提高你的意志力储备。 > Next time you’re tempted, turn your attention inward. > > The pause-and-plan response: The most helpful response will be to slow you down, not speed you up (as a fight-or-flight response does). > > One way to immediately boost willpower: Slow your breathing down to four to six breaths per minute. > > The biggest mood-boosting, stress-busting effects came from five-minute doses of exercise. > > Anything above and beyond the typical sedentary lifestyle will improve your willpower reserve. 自我控制能力在早晨是最高的，并在一天的时间里稳步恶化。 任何时候你必须与冲动作斗争，过滤掉干扰因素，权衡相互竞争的目标，或者让自己做一些困难的事情，你就会多用一点意志力的力量。 注意什么时候你的意志力最强，什么时候你最有可能屈服。 > Self-control is highest in the morning and steadily deteriorates over the course of the day. > > Anytime you have to fight an impulse, filter out distractions, weigh competing goals, or make yourself do something difficult, you use a little more of your willpower strength. > > Pay attention to when you have the most willpower, and when you are most likely to give in. - 加强 "我不 "的力量。承诺在坐着的时候不翘二郎腿，或者用你的副手做日常工作。 - 加强 "我愿意 "的力量。承诺每天做一件事，冥想五分钟 - 加强自我监控。正式记录一些你通常不会密切关注的事情。这可以是你的消费，你吃的东西，或你花多少时间在网上。 > • Strengthen “I Won’t” Power: Commit to not crossing your legs when you sit, or using your nondominant hand for a daily task > • Strengthen “I Will” Power: Commit to doing something every day meditating for five minutes > • Strengthen Self-Monitoring: Formally keep track of something you don’t usually pay close attention to. This could be your spending, what you eat, or how much time you spend online ##### The Compound Effect - by Darren Hardy https://sive.rs/book/CompoundEffect 你已经知道你需要成功的一切。你不需要再学习什么。如果我们需要的只是更多的信息，那么每个有互联网连接的人都会住在豪宅里，拥有钢铁般的腹肌，并获得幸福的生活。 > You already know all that you need to succeed. You don’t need to learn anything more. If all we needed was more information, everyone with an Internet connection would live in a mansion, have abs of steel, and be blissfully happy. 不善于用左手运球？把你的右手绑在背后，每天运球三小时。 数学成绩落后？埋头苦干，请个家教，整个夏天拼命工作，直到你搞定。 不要找借口。如果你不擅长什么，那就更努力，更聪明地工作。 > Not good at dribbling with your left hand? Tie your right hand behind your back and dribble three hours a day. > Behind in your math? Hunker down, hire a tutor, and work like hell all summer until you get it. > No excuses. If you aren’t good at something, work harder, work smarter. 不要找借口。如果你不擅长某件事，那就更努力地工作，更聪明地工作。 成为说 "不 "的人。随波逐流并不是什么了不起的成就。 > No excuses. If you aren’t good at something, work harder, work smarter. > > Be the guy who says ‘no.’ It’s no great achievement to go along with the crow. 列出几个你过去最成功的领域、技能或结果。考虑一下你是否把这些视为理所当然，没有继续改进，因此有可能让这种自满情绪导致未来的失败。 > List a few areas, skills, or outcomes where you have you been most successful in the past. Consider whether you could be taking those for granted and are not continuing to improve, and are therefore in jeopardy of having that complacency lead to future failure. 每个人都说，"当然，我对我的生活负责"。但你再看看大多数人是如何在这个世界上运作的。有很多指责，受害者，指责，并期望别人或政府解决他们的问题。如果你曾经因为迟到而指责交通，或者因为你的孩子、配偶或同事所做的事情而决定自己心情不好，你就没有承担100%的个人责任。 > Everyone says, “Of course, I take responsibility for my life.” But then you look at how most people operate in the world. There’s a lot of finger pointing, victimhood, blaming, and expecting someone else or the government to solve their problems. If you’ve ever blamed traffic for being late, or decided you are in a bad mood because of something your kid, spouse, or co-worker did, you’re not taking 100 percent personal responsibility. 成为富可敌国、快乐和健康的人，还是破产、抑郁和不健康的人，其区别在于你在一生中做出的选择。没有其他东西会带来不同。 > The difference between becoming fabulously rich, happy, and healthy, or broke, depressed, and unhealthy, is the choices you make throughout life. Nothing else will make the difference. 理查德-布兰森是否感到幸运："幸运每天都围绕着我们；我们不断有幸运的事情发生在我们身上，无论你是否认识到这一点。我并不比其他人更幸运或不幸运。不同的是，当幸运降临到我身上时，我利用了它。" 获得幸运的（完整）公式。 **准备**（个人成长 + **态度**（信念/心态 + **机会**（好事降临到你的身边 + **行动**（为此做一些事情 = 运气 > Richard Branson if he felt lucky: “Luck surrounds us every day; we are constantly having lucky things happen to us, whether you recognize it or not. I have not been any more lucky or unlucky than anyone else. The difference is when luck came my way, I took advantage of it.” > > The (Complete) Formula for Getting Lucky: > Preparation (personal growth) + Attitude (belief/mindset) + Opportunity (a good thing coming your way) + Action (doing something about it) > = Luck 想象一下你想去的地方：更富有、更瘦弱、更快乐，你说的都可以。迈向改变的第一步是意识。对你所做的每一个选择都要有非常清醒的认识。跟踪每一个与你想改善的生活领域有关的行动。 > Picture where you want to be: richer, thinner, happier, you name it. The first step toward change is awareness. Become very conscious of every choice you make. Track every action that relates to the area of your life you want to improve. 如果你决定要减肥，你就会追踪你放入口中的一切。如果你决定为一项体育赛事进行训练，你就会追踪你的每一步，你的每一次锻炼。 > If you’ve decided you want to lose weight, you’re going to track everything you put into your mouth. If you’ve decided to train for an athletic event, you’re going to track every step you take, every workout you do. 我们所感受到的、所想的、所做的和所取得的一切，有95%都是学习到的习惯的结果 如果你吃了一口巨无霸，立刻因心脏病发作而倒在地上，紧紧抓住胸口，你可能不会再去吃第二口了。 如果你的下一口烟立刻使你的脸变异成一个饱经风霜的八十五岁老人，你也有可能不抽了。 如果第一口蛋糕立即使你的身材增加50磅，那么对甜点说 "不，谢谢 "将是真正的蛋糕了。 > 95 percent of everything we feel, think, do, and achieve is a result of a learned habit! > > If you took a bite of a Big Mac and immediately fell to the ground clutching your chest from a heart attack, you might not go back for that second bite. > If your next puff of a cigarette instantly mutated your face into that of a weathered eighty-five-year-old, chances are you’d pass on that, too. > If that first forkful of cake instantly put fifty pounds on your frame, saying “no thank you” to dessert would be the true piece of cake. 沉溺于我们的坏习惯，在当下似乎根本没有任何负面影响。 没有什么比我们的行动和行为与我们的价值观不一致时产生更大的压力。 当你定义你的目标时，你给你的大脑一些新的东西来寻找和关注。 你的头脑开始在外表上匹配你内心最想要的东西--你的目标。 > Indulging in our bad habits doesn’t seem to have any negative effects at all in the moment. > > Nothing creates more stress than when our actions and behaviors aren’t congruent with our values. > > When you define your goals, you give your brain something new to look for and focus on. > > **Your mind proceeds to match up on the outside what you want most on the inside—your goal.** 一位首席执行官的理念是在合同承诺之前提前几天向人们付款，包括他的供应商和供货商。当我在每月二十七号收到他寄来的下个月付款的支票时，我总是大吃一惊。当我问他时，他说得很明显，"虽然是同样的钱，但它所带来的惊喜和善意是不可估量的，你为什么不呢？" > A CEO whose philosophy was to pay people, including his vendors and suppliers, a few days in advance of the contract commitment. I was always blown away when I received a check on the twenty-seventh of the month from him for next month’s payment. When I asked him about it, he said the obvious, “It’s the same money, but the surprise and good will it buys is immeasurable—why wouldn’t you?” ##### The Entrepreneur Roller Coaster - by Darren Hardy 埃隆-马斯克说，创办公司就像 "盯着深渊，吃着玻璃"。 > Elon Musk said that starting a company is like “staring into the abyss and eating glass.” 那么波诺、布兰森或奥普拉呢？如果你看到他们的日程安排--他们日复一日的要求，以及他们所肩负的压力--你根本不会认为他们95%的时间所做的事情有多么伟大。他们其余的时间是在无休止的会议、谈判、合同审查、诉讼、化妆椅、排练、旅行和交通中度过的。 > What about Bono, Branson, or Oprah? If you saw their schedules - the day in, day out demands they are under, and the pressure they shoulder - you wouldn’t think what they do 95 percent of the time is that great at all. The rest of their days are spent in endless meetings, negotiations, contract reviews, lawsuits, makeup chairs, rehearsals, travel, and transportation. 为你的工作带来激情，即使是最（看似）平凡的任务。我见过机械师、园丁、收费员、出租车司机、项目经理、注册会计师、律师和首席执行官以极大的热情和喜悦来执行他们工作的 "方法"。他们的热情体现在活动的质量、执行和结果上。 > Bring passion to how you do even the most (seemingly) mundane tasks. I’ve seen mechanics, gardeners, toll takers, cab drivers, project managers, CPAs, lawyers, and CEOs execute the “hows” of their work with great passion and joy. Their passion was in the quality of the activity, the execution, and the outcome. 销售根本就不是关于销售。停止销售。代之以帮助。 最有效的销售和营销信息的首要质量是什么？感同身受。 你最好的销售和营销语言在这些话中--显示你知道他们是谁，他们正努力成为谁，以及他们正努力做什么。 糟糕的约会。"他是个好人，当然也很好看......但他没有问一个关于我的问题。他只是不停地说话。" > Sales isn’t about selling at all. Stop selling. Help instead. > > The number one quality of the most effective sales and marketing messages? Empathy. > > Your best sales and marketing language in those words - language that shows you know who they are, who they are trying to become, and what they are trying to do. > > Bad dating: “He was a nice guy and certainly nice to look at… but he didn’t ask a single question about me. He just kept talking.” ##### Ego Is the Enemy - by Ryan Holiday 树立我们的自尊心，激励、鼓励我们，并保证我们可以做任何我们想做的事情。在现实中，这使我们变得软弱。 评价自己能力的能力是最重要的技能。没有它，改进是不可能的。 > Building up our self-esteem, inspiring, encouraging, and assuring us that we can do whatever we set our minds to. In reality, this makes us weak. > > The ability to evaluate one’s own ability is the most important skill of all. Without it, improvement is impossible. 练习用一点距离来看待自己。走出你自己的头脑。**脱离是一种天然的自我解毒剂。** > Practice seeing yourself with a little distance. Get out of your own head. **Detachment is a natural ego antidote.** 虽然我们想得很远，但为了完成我们所追求的目标，我们必须采取行动，live small。 因为我们将以行动和教育为重点，放弃验证和地位，**我们的野心不会是宏伟的，而是反复的。** > Though we think big, we must act and live small in order to accomplish what we seek. > > Because we will be action and education focused, and forgo validation and status, **our ambition will not be grandiose but iterative.** Be lesser, do more.