> 2021年09月24日信息消化 ### How to Take Great Notes: The Best Note-Taking System Illustrated origin: [How to Take Great Notes: The Best Note-Taking System Illustrated](https://medium.com/dare-to-be-better/how-to-take-great-notes-the-best-note-taking-system-illustrated-ef093809e9b0)  ##### The Outline Method **Perfect for**: taking structured notes during the lecture, material review The easiest and probably the most used method out of them all is The Outline Method. You probably don’t call it that but intuitively, everyone knows how it works. Separate the lecture into main points, add subtopics, and specify additional bullet points if needed. Instead of writing full sentences during the lecture or a meeting (which is almost always impossible to do), writing down the key points and notes saves you both time and energy. 最简单的，也可能是最常用的方法是 "大纲法"。你可能不这么称呼它，但凭直觉，每个人都知道它的作用。将讲课内容分成要点，增加副标题，如果需要的话，指定额外的要点。与其在讲座或会议期间写下完整的句子（这几乎是不可能做到的），不如写下要点和笔记，既节省时间又节省精力。 ##### The Cornell Method **Perfect for:** organized and systematic recording and reviewing notes. Easy format for pulling out major concepts and ideas. Ideal for exam preparation. With the boxing method, you need even less time for taking notes. The Cornell method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing your notes in one place. After writing the notes in the main space, use the left-hand space to label each idea and detail with a keyword, hashtag, or “cue.” **非常适合：**有组织、有系统地记录和回顾笔记。简便的格式，可以拉出主要的概念和想法。是准备考试的理想选择。 使用拳击法，你需要更少的时间来做笔记。康奈尔法提供了一种系统的格式，将你的笔记浓缩并组织在一个地方。在主空间写完笔记后，用左边的空间给每个想法和细节贴上关键词、标签或 "提示"。 ##### The Boxing Method **Perfect for:** grouping similar topics together, finding connections, digital note-taking Compared to other methods on this list, The Boxing Method is a relatively new concept created for digital note-taking. So if you frequently use an iPad with an Apple Pencil, a touch-screen laptop, or even a good old Notes app (did you know that you can draw there too?), this method allows creating, grouping, and re-arranging notes on the fly. **完美的方法：**将类似的主题分组，寻找联系，数字记事 与本列表中的其他方法相比，拳击法是一个相对较新的概念，是为数字笔记而创造的。因此，如果你经常使用带有苹果铅笔的iPad、触摸屏的笔记本电脑，甚至是一个好的老式笔记应用程序（你知道你也可以在那里画画吗？），这种方法可以在即时创建、分组和重新安排笔记。 ##### The Mapping Method **Perfect for:** visual learners, creative thinkers, brainstorming new ideas This creative format helps you to visually track your lecture even if you don’t have a lot of time to write everything down. Little thinking is needed and relationships between topics can easily be seen. It is also easy to review and edit your notes later by adding numbers, marks, color-coding, sticky notes, stickers, note cards, flashcards, drawings, or whatever else you might need to understand the material better. **适合：**视觉学习者、创造性思维者、集思广益的新想法 这种创造性的格式可以帮助你直观地跟踪你的讲座，即使你没有很多时间来写下所有内容。几乎不需要思考，主题之间的关系很容易就能看出来。以后还可以通过添加数字、标记、颜色编码、便签、贴纸、便签卡、抽认卡、图画或其他任何你可能需要的东西来更好地理解材料，从而很容易回顾和编辑你的笔记。 ##### The Charting Method **Perfect for:** analyzing, reviewing, and comparing your data And finally, who wouldn’t like a good old excel-style chart? Just like with an excel spreadsheet, a lot can be done with a simple hand-written table. The best time to use The Charting Method is when the lecture is fast, the material is dense, and focused on facts or relationships. **完美地用于：**分析、回顾和比较你的数据 最后，谁会不喜欢一个好的老式excel风格的图表呢？就像使用excel电子表格一样，用一个简单的手写表格可以做很多事情。使用图表法的最佳时机是在讲课速度快、材料密集、专注于事实或关系时。 ### Fight or flight: understanding how the stress response works origin: [Fight or flight: understanding how the stress response works](https://nesslabs.com/fight-or-flight-response?) Imagine standing on stage in front of a few hundred people. Your heart is beating fast, your hands are sweaty, and you can feel a knot in your stomach. This is the fight-or-flight response at play. While it may be helpful in dangerous situations, such as an encounter with a wild or angry animal or a narrow miss with a vehicle, the fight-or-flight response may become an obstacle in your daily work and life by preventing you from getting out of your comfort zone and tackling ambitious challenges. ##### An evolutionary response The fight-or-flight response was first [described](https://doi.org/10.1037/10013-000) by Walter Cannon in 1915 as a series of chain reactions that take place inside our bodies once we are brought face-to-face with a supposedly dangerous or threatening situation. This response helps the body quickly react in situations where speed is essential. 战斗或逃跑反应是由沃尔特-坎农在1915年首次[描述](https://doi.org/10.1037/10013-000)的，当我们面对所谓的危险或威胁情况时，我们的身体内会发生一系列的连锁反应。这种反应有助于身体在对速度要求很高的情况下迅速做出反应。 The human nervous system can be roughly divided into two parts: the central nervous system, that comprises the brain and the spinal cord, and the autonomic nervous system, which is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. 人类的神经系统可以大致分为两部分：中枢神经系统，包括大脑和脊髓，以及自律神经系统，后者又进一步细分为交感和副交感神经系统。 When the eyes see an incoming threat or the ears hear something alarming, the brain’s amygdala, considered the emotional center of the brain, comes into action. It immediately [sends a distress signal to the hypothalamus](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541120/), which is a major part of the control center of the brain. Once the hypothalamus receives the signal, it sends it to the autonomic nervous system, which then sends it either to the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system to carry out the desired action as needed. 当眼睛看到传来的威胁或耳朵听到令人震惊的事情时，大脑的杏仁核（被认为是大脑的情绪中心）就会开始行动。它立即[向下丘脑发出求救信号](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541120/)，这是大脑控制中心的一个主要部分。一旦下丘脑收到信号，它就会将其发送到自律神经系统，然后将其发送到交感神经或副交感神经系统，根据需要执行所需的行动。 Why does it matter? Well, the autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary activities of the body such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system, when activated, [accelerates these activities](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495877/), whereas the parasympathetic nervous system tones these activities down or brings them back to their normal or “relaxed” state. 这有什么关系呢？嗯，自律神经系统控制身体的非自愿活动，如呼吸、心率、血压和消化。交感神经系统一旦被激活，就会[加速这些活动](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495877/)，而副交感神经系统则将这些活动调低，或使它们回到正常或 "放松 "状态。 When the initial signal sent to the hypothalamus was a stressful or alarming one, the sympathetic nervous system gets activated. It sends signals to the adrenal glands, which triggers the release of adrenaline. This activates the fight-or-flight response, releasing blood glucose so that the body does not run out of energy at any time during the entire response. Our whole body becomes tense, our heart rate and our blood pressure increase, we breathe faster: we are ready for action. 当发送到下丘脑的最初信号是一个紧张或惊恐的信号时，交感神经系统被激活。它向肾上腺发送信号，引发肾上腺素的释放。这激活了战斗或飞行反应，释放出血糖，使身体在整个反应过程中任何时候都不会耗尽能量。我们的整个身体变得紧张，我们的心率和血压增加，我们的呼吸加快：我们已经准备好采取行动。 From an evolutionary perspective, the fight-or-flight response has been integral to our survival. However, it can sometimes get triggered by perceived psychological threats, and prevent us from achieving our goals. The good news is: in many cases, it is possible to manage the fight-or-flight response. 从进化的角度来看，"不战而屈人之兵 "的反应对我们的生存是不可或缺的。然而，它有时会被感知到的心理威胁所触发，并阻止我们实现我们的目标。好消息是：在许多情况下，有可能管理战斗或逃跑反应。 ##### Managing the fight-or-flight response When the fight-or-flight response gets excessively triggered, the body gets drained of its energy reserves, putting it under a constant state of exertion. In addition to creating obstacles in our work and life, this unwanted stress may lead to physical and mental health problems in the long run. These techniques can help toning down our fight-or-flight response so it supports our survival without getting in the way of a healthy, fulfilling life. 当战斗或逃跑反应被过度触发时，身体的能量储备会被耗尽，使其处于持续的劳累状态。除了给我们的工作和生活带来障碍外，从长远来看，这种不必要的压力可能导致身体和精神健康问题。这些技巧可以帮助调低我们的战斗或逃跑反应，使其支持我们的生存，而不妨碍健康、充实的生活。 - **Relaxation techniques.** You can practice some easy relaxation techniques such as focused breathing, which has been [shown](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137615/) to lower symptoms of anxiety and confusion. Visualization of calm scenarios and meditation can also help calm your mind. 放松技巧。你可以练习一些简单的放松技巧，如集中呼吸，这已被[证明](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137615/)可以降低焦虑和困惑的症状。视觉化的平静场景和冥想也可以帮助平静你的心灵。 - **Counselling.** If you repeatedly have your fight-or-flight response activated at unwanted times, it may be worth seeking professional help to explore potential phobias. Phobias are extremely common and [considered](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16879794/) by psychologists some of “the most common and easily treated mental disorders” — which makes them worth having a proper look at! 咨询。如果你在不需要的时候反复激活你的战斗或逃跑反应，可能值得寻求专业帮助以探索潜在的恐惧症。恐惧症是非常常见的，而且被心理学家认为是一些 "最常见和最容易治疗的精神障碍" - **Distraction.** A simple way to manage your fight-or-flight triggers is to stop focusing on them and to redirect your attention. For example, a bit of physical activity can distract you from the stress. This is why you may see some performers do jumping jacks before getting on stage. 分散注意力。xm管理你的 "战斗或逃跑 "触发器的一个简单方法是停止关注它们，并重新调整你的注意力。例如，一些体育活动可以分散你对压力的注意力。这就是为什么你会看到一些表演者在上台前做跳远运动。 The fight-or-flight response is an inbuilt response that is stimulated when we feel threatened, whether the perceived threat is physical or psychological. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems both work in synchronization to activate or inactivate this stress response. 战斗或逃跑反应是一种内在的反应，当我们感到受到威胁时就会受到刺激，无论感知到的威胁是身体的还是心理的。交感神经和副交感神经系统同步工作，以激活或不激活这种应激反应。 It is common for the fight-or-flight response to get overactivated, whether it is because we are getting out of our comfort zone, or because we have a deeply ingrained phobia that causes excessive fear. Whether you decide to try a few stress management techniques on your own or to seek help from a professional, understanding the fight-or-flight response will help you overcome some of your fears and achieve more in your work and life. 战斗或逃跑反应被过度激活是很常见的，无论是因为我们离开了我们的舒适区，还是因为我们有根深蒂固的恐惧症，导致过度的恐惧。无论你决定自己尝试一些压力管理技巧，还是向专业人士寻求帮助，了解 "战斗或逃跑 "反应将帮助你克服一些恐惧，在工作和生活中取得更大成就。 ### Misc - **Hypothesis-driven** thinkers | The Batch -  - *How can you gain skill in building hypotheses?* - *Seek out stories of how others have built machine learning systems. Learning from friends and colleagues about not only what worked but also what path led there — including wrong turns and ideas considered and rejected — can hone your intuition.* - *If you work with other engineers and they advocate a course of action, ask why. Conversely, if you favor a particular approach, share your reasoning and invite them to challenge you. This helps you to (i) gain exposure to more tactics and (ii) understand when various tactics apply.* - *Keep taking courses. They can expose you quickly to a wide range of examples.*